TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE
Tuskegee, Ala.NPS Website; University WebsiteWHAT IS IT?The grounds of the University that Booker T. Washington literally built from the ground up. The Site celebrates the life and accomplishments of both Washington and George W Carver, who spent over 40 years of his life teaching at Tuskegee Institute. The school itself is the National Historic Site.BEAUTY (7/10)Tuskegee Institute’s buildings, quads and atmosphere feel collegiate. African-American architect R.R. Taylor who was, in 1892, the first black M.I.T. graduate designed most of the buildings. The red-bricked structures are built in a mish-mash of classical American architectural styles. Not only were these the first major works done by an African-American architect but the bricks were laid and the masonry done by the first Tuskegee students.HISTORICAL INTEREST (8/10)Tuskegee Institute NHS’s place in the Park System is to represent post-reconstruction African-American life. Booker T. Washington and George W Carver were two of the greatest Americans of their era. While they both enjoy their own National Park Sites (located at their respective birthplaces), Tuskegee Institute is where they accomplished all of their successes. Their stories are unbelievable. Both were born slaves in 1864 and by 1915 had become prominent Americans in their widely dissimilar fields.Washington and Carver were not without their African American detractors. The Park’s film does a good job of introducing the W.E.B. DuBois – Booker T. Washington debates on the progress of the black race. Washington has faced much criticism, both from DuBois and from present-day historians for his many accommodationist attitudes towards white oppression.This Site does a good job of acknowledging the criticism. It shows Washington to have been a complex man, one who believed that industrial knowledge begat economic and monetary advancement. He did not push to regain the lost African-American suffrage or for basic human rights issues. The Site explains his path by placing him within the social milieu of Deep South Alabama, describing the hostile political and racial climate around Tuskegee in contrast to the Massachusetts upbringing of DuBois.Washington ran Tuskegee Institute from 1881 until his death in 1915. Under Washington’s tutelage, Tuskegee emphasized vocational industrial education and became notable for its extraordinary achievements in agriculture (under Carver), architecture and practical chemistry. The Institute elicited large donations and patronage from northern white luminaries like Andrew Carnegie, President William McKinley and John D. Rockefeller.Even though they do not fit into the timeline of Washington’s reign at Tuskegee Institute, we wondered why the NHS’s Museum made no mention of the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiments. The United States Public Health Service’s injection of syphilis into unwitting black men occurred here from 1932 to 1972 and deserves Museum space. Dozens died untreated and many of the test subject’s spouses and newborn babies were unknowingly infected. This is a disgusting period of American history and cannot be forgotten or pushed under the table.CROWDS (6/10)There were not many tourists at the Site. We had the Museum to ourselves. Walking around campus was nice. There was a crisp bite in the autumn air and we felt oddly collegiate with our backpacks and our quest for historical knowledge.EASE OF USE/ACCESS (3/5)The Tuskegee Institute is four miles south of Interstate 85, exit 38. While there is ample parking space set aside for visitors nearby Washington’s home, The Oaks, students had taken many of these spots. We parked in a lower lot, located below The Oaks. The Carver Museum and NHS Visitor Center is a confusing quarter mile walk northwestwardly. We eventually found our way. Currently there is no access into The Oaks. Tours are no longer given because of the home’s structural problems.CONCESSIONS/BOOKSTORE (4/5)Dozens of books, many of them dog-eared from browsing, are crammed into a small corner next to the front desk. Topics spanned centuries from Black Stars of the Civil War to Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century. People like W.E.B. DuBois and situations like the Tuskegee Experiment that were underrepresented or completely absent in the Museum found a place here at the bookstore, next to black history books for all ages.Local farmers and Alabama households could get Carver’s instructional booklets free of charge from his Agricultural School on Wheels. The scientist wrote hundreds of small papers, like How to Grow the Tomato and 150 Ways to Prepare Them for the Table and Nature’s Garden for Victory and Peace for Tuskegee’s rural neighbors. Visitors can buy copies here for a nominal cost.COSTS (4/5)The Site is free.RANGER/GUIDE TO TOURIST RATIO (3/5)One Ranger, Gab, Michael and one other tourist. TOURS/CLASSES (8/10)The Site shows two 28-minute films one regarding Carver and one regarding Washington. Their relevance and educational skill suffers none even though both are over 20 years old. The Washington film takes an interesting and effective narrative approach; one necessitated by its venerable and controversial subject.In the film, a skeptical and unsympathetic filmmaker interviews Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, a rich white patron of Tuskegee Institute and others. The film has unusual depth in its portrayal of all sides of the story. No clear cut conclusions are made, the viewer comes to understand Washington’s motivations while seeing him caught up in his world, the “Tuskegee Machine”. The viewer must come to their own conclusions about Washington; no answers are spoon-fed.The Carver film is a nostalgic look at the pious agricultural chemist. Little debate surrounds the greatness of the humble creative genius. The film is a feel good educational tool. Good-hearted men do exist and do succeed.The Site’s sprawling George W Carver Museum, dedicated in 1941, contains many personal artifacts from Carver’s lab beakers to his oil paintings. As its title implies, the Museum’s emphasizes Carver rather than Washington. It is unfortunate that our visit could not have been balanced by a tour of The Oaks. Signs mounted in front of all the original buildings aid the pleasant walk around campus.FUN (6/10)Who doesn’t enjoy walking around a college campus on a bright autumn morning?WOULD WE RECOMMEND? (7/10)Tuskegee Institute is an important place. Its effect, and therefore Booker T. Washington’s effect, on both African-American education and the American experience as a whole is clear after a visit. The Washington-DuBois debates and methodology shaped the way the first generation of people freed from chattel slavery were to integrate into a new United States. Both viewpoints are necessary to achieve an understanding of who we are as a nation. It is a shame and a historical injustice that the NPS has chosen only to honor the Washington side of the argument.

Delta and Northwest File for Bankruptcy

By HARRY R. WEBER and JOSHUA FREED, AP Business Writers 1 minute ago

Delta Air Lines Inc. and Northwest Airlines Corp., hobbled by high fuel costs and heavy debt and pension obligations, filed for bankruptcy protection from creditors Wednesday, becoming the third and fourth major carriers to enter Chapter 11 since the 2001 terrorist attacks.
Delta's late afternoon filing included its low-fare subsidiary Song and was followed shortly after by Northwest's.
Delta's total debt is roughly $28.3 billion, and it listed $21.6 billion in assets, according to the filing. The asset figure would make Delta's bankruptcy the ninth-largest in U.S. history, according to bankruptcy tracker New Generation Research Inc. The ranking did not change following Delta's recent $425 million sale of feeder carrier Atlantic Southeast Airlines to SkyWest Inc.
Delta and Northwest said passengers were not expected to see any immediate effects from the filing. Delta also promised to honor all tickets and sent a letter to frequent-flier customers seeking to reassure them. Northwest said it would continue to operate normally its frequent flyer and WorldPerks Visa programs.
"We are operating our full schedule of flights, honoring tickets and reservations as usual, and making normal refunds and exchanges," Gerald Grinstein, chief executive of Delta, said in the letter.
Chapter 11 protection will allow Delta to pursue cuts in wages for its 65,000-plus full-time employees, as well as pension and health benefits for workers and retirees, that would have been more difficult or impossible without protected status.
Delta was expected to continue its normal schedule. However, as the company makes its way through bankruptcy court, some changes to Delta's operations could occur, analysts say.
Atlanta-based Delta, the nation's third-largest carrier, has lost nearly $10 billion over the last four years despite announcing it would cut up to 24,000 jobs. The airline industry was hit hard by the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, which prompted many people to cut back on air travel.
In September 2004, Delta also said it would shed its Dallas hub as part of a sweeping turnaround plan aimed at saving the airline. It has since scaled back its operations in Dallas.
Northwest, the country's fourth-largest airline, had been in better financial shape than some of its competitors, with an extensive Asian network and cargo business both thought to be profitable. But that changed after 9-11, the rise in fuel prices and the epidemic of SARS, a virus that spread through several Asian countries, which cut into a core Northwest business.
The recession and slow economic recovery in the early part of the decade also eroded airlines' business, and the rise of low-cost carriers such as JetBlue Airways Corp. further stymied the big carriers' rebound.
Delta said it is arranging roughly $2 billion in post-petition financing and already received a commitment for $1.7 billion in financing.
Delta and Eagan, Minn.-based Northwest follow into bankruptcy UAL Corp., the Elk Grove Village, Ill.-based parent of United Airlines, and Arlington, Va.-based US Airways Group, Inc., which is undergoing reorganization for the second time in three years. Fort Worth, Texas-based AMR Corp., the parent of American Airlines, the nation's biggest carrier, teetered on the verge of bankruptcy before winning deep concessions from its employees. The other so-called legacy carrier, among those with a large presence in multiple regions prior to deregulation in 1978, is Houston-based Continental Airlines Inc.
Continental and American are in no immediate danger of bankruptcy. Continental had a big cost advantage over other traditional airlines after it slashed expenses during two bankruptcy reorganizations in the 1990s. American may be the strongest financially of the traditional airlines, thanks to $1.8 billion in annual labor concessions it won in 2003. Its parent company actually turned a profit in the second quarter.
But even the stronger carriers are finding business harder with fuel prices soaring, carrying crude oil futures past $70 a barrel earlier this month.
Some smaller carriers, including Honolulu-based Hawaiian Airlines and Indianapolis-based ATA Airlines Inc., also have filed for bankruptcy in recent years. Hawaiian emerged from bankruptcy in June.
Throughout 2004, Delta warned investors that it may have to file for bankruptcy if it didn't get deep wage concessions from its pilots and restructure its heavy debt. Then, last fall, it got $1 billion in pilot concessions and another $1.1 billion in fresh financing, giving the airline some much-needed breathing room.
But fuel prices began to soar, and the losses continued.
While all the major airlines have suffered from labor and fuel issues, some say Delta's situation has been made more difficult because of how long it took to get the pilot concessions. Airline expert Terry Trippler said he believes Delta should have filed for bankruptcy much sooner.
"That Delta attitude, it's been there a long time, it's what made them great, and its what made them hesitant to seek protection long ago," said Trippler, who runs travel Web site cheapseats.com.
Since Delta first came to the edge of bankruptcy last year, its pilot ranks have thinned as some have retired early. Retiring Delta pilots can elect to receive half their pension benefits in a lump sum and the other half as an annuity later — a move that could ensure they received at least some payout even if Delta later filed for bankruptcy. It's not clear how the lump sum benefit would be affected in bankruptcy, but bankruptcy judges have great leeway in approving changes to company operations.
As of June 30, Delta and its subsidiaries had 65,300 full-time employees and 869 total aircraft that the airline owned or leased. Delta also owns a regional feeder carrier, Comair Inc., and Song.
Delta is the nation's third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue; Northwest is the fourth largest. Delta has hubs in Atlanta, Cincinnati and Salt Lake City. Delta also is a major U.S. carrier to Europe.
Though based in Atlanta, Delta decided to file for bankruptcy in New York. Bankruptcy experts say some major companies based elsewhere file in New York because that is where much of the investment community is located and because bankruptcy judges there are perceived to be predictable in how they handle major cases. Mississippi-based WorldCom Inc. filed for Chapter 11 in New York in 2002.
___
On the Net:
Delta Air Lines Inc. http://www.delta.com